February 19, 2025

Sodium: Yeah or Nay?

Sodium: Yeah or Nay? Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral Mix contains 190mg of sodium. Of all our supplement ingredients, sodium is the one we get customer queries about most often. These questions generally fall into two camps. In the first, people ask us “is it safe for me to consume that much sodium in an electrolyte supplement 1-2 times per day?” And in the second, people ask us “why isn’t your sodium content higher, like it is in some of the other electrolyte supplements on the market?”              Our answer is pretty simple. We formulated the sodium content of our electrolytes with Goldilocks in mind: not too much, and not too little – but just right. Our level of sodium is safe for (almost) all kids and adults when taken as recommended. However, it’s absolutely true that as far as minerals go, sodium is the one whose optimal level of intake is most hotly contested in scientific circles. In this article, we’re going to give you a bit of insight into the sodium controversy, and how we came to determine the level that is “just right” for our customers.     Shop Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral Mix     Camp #1: "Whoa! Shouldn't I LIMIT my intake of sodium?" Here are some of the points that support this argument: + Supportive points: Several chronic diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and osteoporosis have been associated with high sodium intake. And while association does not necessarily equal causation, there is also some causal evidence that shows that high intakes of sodium can be harmful to health for some people. People who experience poor health in response to sodium are called “salt sensitive”. These people experience an increase in blood pressure with higher sodium intake. Several medical organizations (such as the World Health Organization) recommended a low intake of sodium, in the range of 1500-2300mg/day.          Camp #2 "Whoa! Shouldn't I be consuming MORE sodium?" Here are some of the points that support this argument: + Supportive points: The majority of people are not “salt sensitive”. Contrary to popular belief, some research suggests that consuming low sodium (less than 2500mg per day) may be associated with higher, rather than lower, blood pressure. In contrast to the recommendations that US adults should consume 1500-2300mg/day of sodium, research has shown intakes of sodium in this low range can be harmful to health, including increasing the risk of cardiac death, insulin resistance, and adversely affecting blood lipids. The average global intake of sodium per day is 3000-5000mg per day and has been remarkably stable across cultures for many decades, which suggests that this range of intake can be considered as “normal” (even though it is much higher than the medical recommendations). In studies showing harm, sodium intake may be a “red herring” for other more important dietary habits, such as consuming too much.     Camp #3: Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral sodium content is JUST RIGHT! Here’s why our sodium content is “just right”: + Supportive points: The PURE study found that sodium intake between 3,000–5,000 mg/day was associated with the lowest cardiovascular risk.  Some people, like folks consuming a whole food, paleo or keto diet, usually consume below 2500mg sodium/day, so they can use some additional sodium in their diet.  Additional sodium is also needed in many other conditions, like sweating, illness, and hot weather. However, supplements that contain 500-1000mg sodium per serving can quickly bump up daily sodium intake. Think of it like climbing three stairs at a time, rather than one. At just under 200mg sodium per serving, Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral Mix gives you more control over how much sodium you want to consume. Instead of lunging up those stairs, you can do a steady climb, simply by increasing the number of servings per day! All other ingredients in Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral Mix (including chloride, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and trace minerals) are also safe to consume in higher amounts. And if you’ve never seen our scoops – they’re small! Our “small scoop mission” focuses on using simple formulations with minimal ingredients (especially unnecessary fillers). So, it’s really easy to increase the number of servings used per day, based on your personal needs – without worrying that you’re consuming stuff you don’t want more of.   Is there anyone who needs to be concerned about their daily sodium intake? Yes! As mentioned, some people are salt sensitive, and their blood pressure increases with increased sodium consumption. Among salt sensitive people, some responses are minimal while others are quite dramatic. If you have hypertension, and especially if you know you are salt sensitive, you do want to be careful not to consume too much sodium. However, if you’re consuming a whole foods, paleo or keto diet, sodium containing supplements may still be needed to get you into a healthy range. Talk to your doctor about your individual needs.  Other populations that should limit their sodium intake include people with chronic kidney disease, heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, pregnant women with preeclampsia, and people at risk of stroke. If you have these or any other serious health condition, please consult with your doctor before taking sodium containing dietary supplements.   The Verdict? There is clearly controversy about how much sodium people should consume each day. Yet evidence is accumulating that intake less than 2300mg per day (as per official recommendations) may not be optimal for many people. This is suggested by the finding that only 9% of the population currently adheres to this guideline. However, excessive consumption of sodium is not recommended either, with research showing a U-shaped curve in which both very low, and very high, intakes of sodium are harmful, while the middle range of 3000 to 5000mg (or even higher) is ideal.     With this target in mind, people can be mindful of their dietary patterns and include supplemental sodium, usually in the form of fluid electrolytes, as needed. Supplements that provide sodium at levels of 1000mg per serving may be ideal for certain populations (like people eating keto or paleo diets, or those losing a lot of salt through sweating), but for average men, women and children, smaller doses of sodium may be more appropriate.  So, what’s the verdict? At 190mg sodium per serving, Fringe Electrolyte & Mineral Mix provides just the right amount of sodium for most people to consume one to two servings per day - and this can easily be increased for people with higher needs. An amazing tool for hydration, our mineral mix helps with fluid balance, and supports heart, muscle, nerve and blood vessel functions.  

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February 18, 2025

Magnesium & Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths annually. Heart disease is especially prevalent in the US, where one person dies from the condition every 33 seconds. While many factors contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental influences, one critical yet often overlooked nutrient is magnesium.  Shop Fringe Magnesium   Magnesium & heart heath Sometimes referred to as the “forgotten electrolyte”, magnesium is a mineral that plays a critical role in maintaining cardiovascular health. Despite its importance in human physiology, magnesium deficiency is widespread, driven by dietary habits and environmental factors. It’s also very difficult to diagnose, since levels of magnesium in blood serum tend to stay within a normal range even when levels in tissues are low. In this article, we’ll explore the relationship between magnesium and cardiovascular disease, delving into the evidence, mechanisms, and practical recommendations for supplementation.                                   What is magnesium? Magnesium is an essential mineral and electrolyte involved in over 800 enzymatic reactions in the human body. It plays a crucial role in energy production, DNA and RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and the regulation of muscle and nerve function. Approximately 60% of the body’s magnesium is stored in bones, while the rest is distributed across muscles, soft tissues, and blood.   Magnesium deficiency and inadequate intake have become increasingly prevalent, particularly in developed countries, due to both dietary habits and agricultural practices. The modern Western diet, often high in processed foods and low in magnesium-rich items like leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, frequently fails to meet recommended magnesium levels. This dietary pattern contributes to suboptimal magnesium status in the population.  Compounding this issue is the progressive depletion of magnesium in agricultural soils, a consequence of modern farming techniques such as monocropping and the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers that do not replenish essential minerals. This soil degradation leads to reduced magnesium content in crops, further diminishing dietary magnesium intake. For example, the magnesium content of vegetables has decreased by 80-90% over the last century. In epidemiological research, magnesium intakes below 200–250 mg/day are frequently associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease. These levels are significantly below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 400–420 mg/day for men and 310–320 mg/day for women, highlighting the importance of adequate magnesium intake for cardiovascular health. Moreover, it has been suggested that the RDA’S for magnesium are too low because they haven’t been adjusted for rising body weights. The new estimates recommend an additional intake for adults of between 60-235mg magnesium per day.                                     What is Cardiovascular Disease? Cardiovascular disease refers to a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. + These conditions include: Coronary artery disease: Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, often leading to angina or heart attacks. Stroke: A disruption of blood flow to the brain, caused by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Heart failure: The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms that can lead to complications like stroke or cardiac arrest. Peripheral artery disease: Narrowing of blood vessels in the limbs, leading to pain and poor circulation.     What is the Evidence? Magnesium's Importance for Cardiovascular Disease: Numerous clinical trials and epidemiological studies have investigated the link between magnesium and cardiovascular health. Here is a list of positive cardiovascular related outcomes that have been observed in scientific research:    + Positive cardiovascular related outcomes: Blood Pressure Regulation: In clinical research, supplementation of 300–400 mg/day of magnesium significantly lowered systolic (2–4 mmHg) and diastolic (1–3 mmHg) blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension. Improved Endothelial Function: In a study of patients with coronary artery disease, magnesium supplementation of 365mg/day for 6 months improved endothelial function and reduced cardiovascular risk.  Improved Lipid Profiles: Research suggests that magnesium supplementation may reduce LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol, which may lower atherosclerosis risk.  Reduced Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiological studies show that higher magnesium intake is associated with a lower risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. And in patients with established Type 2 diabetes, supplementation with 250mg magnesium/day for three months reduced insulin resistance and improved glycemic control.  Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality: Research has shown that people who consume higher amounts of dietary magnesium have a 34% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality than low magnesium consumers.    Reduced Risk of Stroke: In an analysis of studies looking at the relationship between magnesium intake and stroke, higher daily magnesium intake was linked to a reduced risk of stroke, especially in women.     Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Benefits of Magnesium Since magnesium is involved in so many of the body’s physiological processes, it’s not surprising that it plays a role in several outcomes related to cardiovascular health. Here’s an overview of some of its most impactful mechanisms: + Most impactful mechanisms: Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxation: Magnesium may promote relaxation of the muscles that line blood vessels. It also may enhance the production of nitric oxide, which helps blood vessels to dilate and reduces blood pressure. Ion Channel Stabilization: Magnesium may stabilize cardiac ion channels, which might reduce the risk of arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Prevention of Vascular Calcification: Magnesium may inhibit mineral deposits in arterial walls, reducing the vascular calcification which occurs in atherosclerosis. Reduction of Oxidative Stress: Magnesium may reduce oxidative stress by lowering the production of reactive oxygen species and supporting mitochondrial function, which might improve blood vessel health.  Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Magnesium may reduce levels of molecules that promote inflammation, which might lower the risks of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and diabetes.  Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity: Magnesium may enhance insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, which might reduce the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes, which are cardiovascular disease risk factors.   Evidence-Based Recommendations for Magnesium Supplementation Based on current scientific evidence, it can be concluded that magnesium supplementation may be a valuable strategy for supporting cardiovascular health. The level of supplementation used in clinical trials of magnesium for cardiovascular health is typically in the range of 200 to 400mg. Since epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular disease at levels of intake below 200 to 250mg per day, this level of supplementation would bring most people into the recommended daily intake range, leaving room for some extra based on higher body weight.    When supplementing with magnesium to support cardiovascular health, it’s important to consider the form of magnesium being used. Elemental magnesium (Mg²⁺) is highly reactive and does not exist in a free, stable form. Instead, it naturally binds to other molecules, forming compounds that allow it to be absorbed and utilized by the body. Each magnesium complex will have unique properties, including differences in bioavailability and side effects (like gastrointestinal upset).  Magnesium orotate, a compound consisting of magnesium and orotic acid (orotate), has gained attention for its potential cardiovascular benefits. The orotate component is thought to facilitate magnesium transport into cells, improving bioavailability and delivering additional benefits related to its metabolic and energy-enhancing properties. Research has shown that magnesium orotate may reduce hypertension and heart disease, lower the risk of heart attack, and help manage diabetes. It has also been shown to support gut and mental health, speed exercise recovery, and help with brain function in an animal model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Other forms of magnesium, including magnesium glycinate and magnesium malate, are also preferred due to their better absorption and fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to forms such as magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, and magnesium hydroxide.   Fringe magnesium mix Fringe Magnesium Mix contains three forms of magnesium, including magnesium glycinate, magnesium malate, and the heart-friendly magnesium orotate. All three forms been shown to be better absorbed into the body, and they’re easily digested, so you don’t have to worry about the gastrointestinal issues associated with some forms of magnesium. The other ingredients in Fringe magnesium powder are all natural and include non-GMO chicory root inulin to help with dosing, organic monkfruit extract for a bit of natural sweetness, and 90mg of vitamin C for an antioxidant boost. Fringe Magnesium Mix is part of our “Essentials” line – meaning that it we recommend it for use by most people, on most days.        Dosage Recommendations for All Ages For adults, we recommend starting with 1 scoop of Fringe magnesium per day, and increase (up to 2 scoops) as needed. It mixes well with water but can be dissolved in any liquid (we love it in smoothies!). Kids can also take Fringe magnesium. Based on age, the recommended doses are: for children aged 1-3 years old, ¼ scoop per day; ages 4-8, ½ scoop per day; ages 9-13, ¾ scoop per day; ages 14+, 1 full scoop per day. Do not give magnesium to children under 1 year of age. Magnesium is safe to take when pregnant and breastfeeding. Of course, consult your doctor before beginning a supplement regimen.      Shop Fringe Magnesium      

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July 10, 2024

Should I Take an Electrolyte Supplement?

The simple answer to this question is: Most likely, yes. The story of fluid-based electrolytes is very much a story of water – which as you will see, has changed dramatically in the last few decades. As water processing has evolved to remove harmful contaminants, essential nutrients (in the form of minerals) have also been lost, with potentially negative consequences. In this article, you’ll learn about the role of fluid-based mineral electrolytes in supporting human health, and how this has changed across time. shop fringe electrolytes How has the composition of drinking water changed across time? When most people think of water, they think of the water molecule: H2O. What many people don’t realize is that water in nature also contains a wide range of nutrients in the form of dissolved minerals. As it travels over rocks and through the earth, minerals make their way into water. The result is complex fluid matrix that is far more than just H2O. The nutrients (minerals) commonly found in natural water include: Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Trace minerals, such as selenium, iodine, molybdenum, zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium.   Unfortunately, the water that is accessible to most humans on earth also contains a wide range of potentially harmful contaminants. While developing countries experience the greatest contamination, water in developed countries also often contains contaminants of concern. For example, tap water in the US often contains things like lead, arsenic, and industrial and agricultural contaminants. Removing these contaminants is critical to supporting human health. To remove these undesirable compounds, water filtration devices are used. These devices pass water through a semi-permeable filtration membrane, and range in complexity from simple pitchers and countertop basins to industrial reverse osmosis filtration systems. Reverse osmosis filtration is also widely used in government, commercial, and military applications. Filtration devices do not distinguish between minerals such as magnesium, which are essential for human health, and harmful contaminants such as lead. The filters are non-specific and remove any molecules bigger than the size of the filtration pores, which include naturally occurring minerals. As a result of this processing, our modern filtered water becomes simple H2O. Should water be a source of essential nutrients? A little-known fact is that consumption of water from nature will make a small (but appreciable) contribution to our required nutrient intake, specifically the intake of some minerals, which are a class of micronutrient. Most commonly, recommended nutrient intake is defined using the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), which refers to nutrients that come from food. But this term is a bit of a misnomer, as it ignores nutrient intake from water. Instead, the World Health Organization recommends that we use the term Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI, also referred to as the Reference Nutrient Intake), which refers to nutrients that come from food and water.    As already mentioned, there are many nutrients that occur naturally in water, including calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride and potassium. These minerals are estimated to contribute between 1 and 20% of our recommended daily intake values when natural water is consumed. Water makes the most appreciable contribution to nutrient intake for calcium and magnesium, at up to 20%, while for most other minerals it provides between 1 and 5%. By removing minerals from water using processes such as reverse osmosis, we are eliminating a vital nutrient source. Putting minerals back into water, which can be done with electrolyte mineral formulations, is an easy way to circumvent this problem.  Are there any health impacts of drinking highly filtered water? While it’s obviously important to remove harmful contaminants from water, this can’t be done without also removing essential nutrients. And there is clearly a downside to this removal. Here are a few important health risks that have been associated with drinking highly filtered water:  Mineral loss from the body: Studies have shown that consumption of demineralized water can lead to a loss of body minerals that are excreted in the urine, faces and sweat. In kids, this can slow growth and lead to cavities. Water loss from the body: In addition to mineral losses, drinking demineralized water also leads to the loss of water from the body - there is an up to 20% increased excretion of body water in studies of human volunteers drinking demineralized water. Impaired electrolyte homeostasis: Drinking demineralized water may impair electrolyte homeostasis and lead to changes that may increase the risk of cancer. There is also some evidence of mineral intake specifically from water preventing disease in humans. For example, magnesium in drinking water is associated with protection against death from acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) among males. Similarly, drinking hard water (which contains dissolved electrolytes, including calcium and magnesium) is associated with protection against cardiovascular disease. Drinking hard water has also been associated with a decreased risk of some types of cancer, including stomach and esophageal, as well as stroke. Calcium rich water has also been found to support bone health. What are electrolytes? You’ve probably already realized that the minerals found in natural water have something to do with electrolytes. In fact, many of these minerals are electrolytes. Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge and can conduct electricity in the body when in a dissolved state. The most important electrolytes in the body are sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, and bicarbonate. These charged ions are found throughout the body, and their levels are carefully maintained in balance, or homeostasis.   What do electrolytes do in the body? The general role of electrolytes is to regulate physiological function, but each one is unique. Here is an overview of the primary electrolytes and their specific roles in the body.   Why can’t I just consume electrolytes from food and supplements? Electrolytes have two sources in nature, food and fluids (especially water). And in modern society, we’ve added a third: dietary supplements. Both food and dietary supplements are good sources of electrolytes and should comprise the majority of nutrient intake. However, water can provide between 1 to 20% of certain minerals, and it is abundantly clear that consumption of electrolytes from water yields unique benefits irrespective of food and supplement consumption, including protection against: Mineral losses from the body Water losses from the body Some types of cancer Stroke Cardiovascular disease Consumption of electrolyte containing water also supports the maintenance of electrolyte homeostasis in the body, which is essential for optimal physiological function. Water that contains electrolytes is obtained in one of two ways: by drinking natural mineral rich water, or by adding a mineral rich electrolyte supplement to a demineralized water source, such as reverse osmosis water.  Can electrolytes become deficient or imbalanced? Electrolyte imbalances can occur when blood levels become too high, or too low. Each electrolyte can become imbalanced, with potentially serious (and even life threatening) consequences. Levels of electrolytes are tightly regulated in the body for this reason, which occurs mainly at the level of the kidneys. Electrolyte deficiencies occur when there is Inadequate dietary consumption of a nutrient. Both imbalances and deficiencies are possible.               Do some people need more electrolytes? Yes, there are some people who need more electrolytes. Anyone who – for whatever reason – is losing fluid from the body at a higher-than-normal rate will need to intake more to restore electrolyte balance. And anyone consuming low levels of electrolytes from food and water will require more to prevent deficiency. This applies to the following conditions:     People who are exercising and sweating (even more so if in hot and/or humid conditions). People eating a low sodium diet, such as keto, paleo, or other low carb diets. Note – if you are on a low sodium diet because of a medical condition, such as a kidney disease, be cautious about supplemental sodium intake. People who are fasting. People experiencing illnesses involving vomiting and diarrhea. People with certain medical conditions, such as Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia (POTS)  Increasing intake of mineral rich water, either natural or supplemental, as well as consuming more electrolyte containing foods, can help people meet these increased needs.    How do I choose a mineral electrolyte supplement?   Read the ingredients – Most dietary supplement will contain both active and inactive or “other” ingredients. You need to pay attention to both. Electrolyte supplements should contain several electrolytes, such as sodium, magnesium, chloride, and potassium, as the active ingredients. Although this information may be hard to find, it’s helpful to know where the active ingredients are sourced from. Naturally sourced ingredients are always better than artificial ones. For example, in an electrolyte supplement, a natural source of sodium and chloride would be natural sea salt. Electrolyte supplements usually also contain inactive ingredients. The inactive ingredients are usually there to: (1) provide bulk (filler), (2) hold the product together (binding agents, coatings), (3) add flavor or sweetness, or (4) keep the product from clumping together (flow enhancers). Sometimes this list is long, and it’s often where some undesirable ingredients sneak in, such as potassium sorbate, artificial colors, or titanium dioxide. It’s best to keep this list short and naturally sourced.   Verify product purity – Only choose high quality products that verify their purity via an unbiased chemical analysis performed by a third-party lab. These analyses should be reported in a Certificate of Analysis (COA) that is readily available to consumers, often through a QR code link. COA’s should be available for each batch of products, and will measure contaminants such as heavy metals, microbes, and pesticides. Look at the amounts listed in the Nutrition Facts – Electrolyte supplements are not meant to provide high levels of the daily value of nutrients, so when you look at a Nutrition Facts table, the %DV (Daily Value) for each nutrient should be twenty or less. Minerals from natural water will be between 1 and 20% DV, so this is a simple rule of thumb to follow.  An additional consideration is that if an electrolyte supplement can be added to water, rather than being pre-packaged in plastic bottles, contamination of the water with microplastics can be reduced.  What's NOT in fringe electrolytes? Let’s start off describing what we’ve (intentionally) left out of Fringe electrolytes. They contain no:   What's in the tub? Sodium Chloride from Sea salt: Sea salt provides both sodium (at 8%DV) and chloride (at 20% DV). It also contains small amounts of other minerals like iron, iodine, manganese, zinc, and selenium. We opted for a high-quality natural sea salt, sourced from Australian sea water, rather than table salt, because of its natural origin and more diverse mineral profile.  Calcium from Calcified Algae Calcium is essential for supporting bone and teeth health, but also important for muscle and nerve function. Potassium: Potassium (at 2% DV) is essential for regulating many processes in the body, including heart, muscle, nerve, and blood vessel function. Magnesium from magnesium malate: Magnesium malate (at 3% DV) is a highly absorbable form of magnesium that helps reduce pain and inflammation, improve mood, and supports heart, nerve, and muscle health – without causing unpleasant digestive symptoms. Trace minerals: We wanted to up the ante on our electrolytes and supplement trace minerals – essential micronutrients which are critical in many biological processes in the body! Our trace minerals are naturally sourced from the Great Salt Lake and include selenium, iodine, molybdenum, zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium. These are present in small amounts that are below 1% DV.  *Our ratio of sodium to potassium is at around 3:2, which is the same ratio used by the sodium potassium pump. Non-GMO Inulin: This is a soluble fiber derived from chicory root. It helps to maintain accurate dosing with the product and is also a prebiotic resistant starch which has a positive effect on gut health!     shop fringe electrolytes Recap We’ve covered a lot of ground in this article, but the key takeaway is that mineral rich electrolyte supplements will help to support hydration and electrolyte balance. Adding minerals to water at between one and 20% of the recommended daily nutrient intake will restore your water to the way that nature intended. An easy way to do this is by using Fringe electrolytes as a regular part of your wellness routine. Simply mix 1 scoop of electrolyte powder into your water, 1-2 times per day.  For a bit of natural flavor, add a squeeze of citrus or a few drops of essential fruit oil. Add a boost of hydration in the morning to start your day right, rehydrate after a tough workout, throw in your kiddos water to keep them hydrated in a clean way…there’s no right or wrong way to do it!  

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March 15, 2024

Light Therapy for Brain Health

Light Therapy for Brain Disorders Our understanding of brain health as being fundamental to our overall well-being dates to the time of the ancient Greeks. “Mens sana in corpore sano”, which translates to “a healthy mind in a healthy body”,  was a foundational part of the Hippocratic philosophy. Hippocrates introduced the first classification of mental disorders and believed that the brain was the organ responsible for mental illnesses. His classes of mental disorders included melancholia, mania, insanity, and others. While those terms are no longer in use today, many modern brain disorder, such as depression and dementia, are foundationally like those ancient classifications. Importantly, Hippocrates believed that “natural” treatments would cure diseases. One such therapy was the use of sunshine, known as “heliotherapy”. shop red light therapy head wrap   Brain disorders In modern society, brain disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. Also referred to as neurological disorders, these conditions are estimated to be the second leading cause of death, causing 9 million deaths globally each year. While these diseases yield a massive economic burden in terms of health care costs, they also have an enormous impact on our quality of life. The prevalence of brain disorders is expected to increase significantly over the next several decades as the population both ages and grows.      Categories of brain disorders There are several different categories of brain disorders. These include: autoimmune diseases (such as multiple sclerosis – MS), epilepsy, psychiatric disorders (such as depression and anxiety), neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease), neurodevelopmental disorders (such as ADHD and autism), stroke, traumatic brain injuries (such as concussions and chronic traumatic encephalitis), and brain tumors.     While these disorders are all unique, they share fundamental pathological characteristics. Most involve an increase in oxidative stress, which involves excessive production of reactive oxygen species. The brain is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress because it has a high metabolic rate, and oxidative stress can occur both in chronic diseases (such as Alzheimer’s) and acute conditions (such as concussions). Alterations in brain metabolism are also common, which can precede and co-occur with oxidative stress. Brain metabolism accounts for around 20% of total metabolism, even though it only contributes 2% of total body weight. This makes the brain vulnerable to damage from metabolic effects such as those that occur with aging, poor diet, and trauma.  Neuroinflammation, which involves inflammation in the brain as a response to disease and injury, also occurs. Oxidative stress, impaired metabolism, and neuroinflammation overlap, involving many of the same molecules.  Brain disorders are notoriously difficult to treat. Because the blood brain barrier restricts entry of foreign substances into the brain, drug transport into the brain is limited. We are also limited by our lack of understanding these diseases. Experts admit that we actually know very little about how the brain works, for a variety of reasons. Given this complexity, using non-pharmacological interventions to treat the foundational pathologies of brain diseases (including oxidative stress, impaired metabolism, and neuroinflammation) is a great starting point. Light therapy, or photobiomodulation, is one such approach.               Light therapy Light therapy (also known as photobiomodulation) is the application of light with specific wavelengths to the body for the purposes of influencing biology. The most common form of light therapy uses red light (RL), which is visible as the color red, and/or near infrared light (NIRL), which is not visible but can be felt as heat. The RL used in light therapy usually ranges from 600 to 700 nanometres (nm), with the unit nm referring to distance the light wave travels in one cycle. The NIRL used in light therapy usually ranges from 800 to 900nm.   RL and NIRL are naturally produced by the sun, which gives off solar radiation. The term radiation describes energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or particles. The spectrum of light in our environment consists of both light we can see (visible light) and light that our eyes can’t perceive (invisible light). This is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The visible light spectrum is quite narrow, consisting of wavelengths that range from 400 to 700nm and span from violet to red in color. RL is part of this visible light spectrum, while NIRL is not. Red and near infrared light therapy is the application of artificially generated light in the red and near infrared spectral bands. The term “red light therapy” usually describes the use of both RL and NIRL, although only the red light produced by the device is visible to the naked eye. IRL can still be perceived by the body as heat when it contacts skin. How Does Red Light Therapy Affect Brain Health? Light therapy, specifically the application of red and near infrared light, positively impacts all three foundational pathologies of brain disorders: oxidative stress, impaired metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Oxidative Stress: Light is absorbed in cells by molecules called chromophores, many of which are found inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are involved in regulating the production the reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress when present in high amounts. Light therapy has been shown to modulate oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production. Impaired Metabolism: Through its impact on mitochondria, light also affects metabolism. In addition to regulating reactive oxygen species production, mitochondria also make the energy currency of the cell, called ATP. Specifically, RL and NIRL stimulates cytochrome c oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme that produces ATP. This increases ATP synthesis which provides more energy to brain cells. Neuroinflammation: Red and NIRL have anti-inflammatory effects, and unlike anti-inflammatory medications (such as NSAID’s), do not cause side effects. Studies have found that light therapy affects levels of many molecules involved in inflammation, including reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and prostaglandins. Red and NIRL therapy have specifically shown to reduce neuroinflammation.  Brain Disorders Treated by Red Light Therapy Since RL and NIRL therapy (hereafter referred to simply as “light therapy”) can positively impact the foundational pathology that characterizes so many brain disorders, it is not surprising that there is evidence to support its use in conditions ranging from Alzheimer’s Disease to traumatic brain injury. Here are the top 10 brain disorders that may benefit from RL and NIRL therapy, as supported by scientific research.    Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease that comprises 70% of dementia cases. AD affects 1 in 10 US adults over the age of 65, or 5.7 million Americans. AD is a progressive disease that is characterized by memory loss, disorientation, behavior changes, and an eventual loss of independent functioning. Research investigating the use of light therapy for AD is extensive, with dozens of studies published in the last decade. While many studies have used light therapy in animal models of AD, several clinical trials have been published which have shown positive results. Most studies have exclusively used NIRL, which has been found to penetrate more deeply into the brain.    A few studies have used unique research approaches to treating AD with light therapy. For example, a 2022 clinical trial combined light therapy to the brain with RL and NIRL therapy to the gut in patients with mild to moderate AD. The control group received sham, or placebo, light therapy. Patients receiving RL and NIRL showed improved cognitive function relative to the control group. The gut microbiome has been proven to play a role in maintaining brain health, and responds positively to light therapy. Another study combined light therapy with exercise in patients with AD. Patients in both the treatment and control groups participated in a moderate intensity exercise program 3 days per week, 45-60 minutes per session, for 3 months. Patients in the treatment group received NIRL through the nose and on wrist acupuncture points, while those in the control group received a sham light treatment. Both groups improved, but the group receiving NIRL showed more positive change.  Researchers state that there are many benefits of light therapy in AD that occur on a cellular level. These include improving mitochondrial function and increasing ATP production, decreasing neuroinflammation, and decreasing oxidative stress – which have a downstream effect of decreasing brain amyloid plaque accumulation.   While AD is the most common form of dementia, there is also non-Alzheimer’s dementia, which is similarly characterized by memory loss, disorientation, behavior changes, and an eventual loss of independent functioning. Although most research studies distinguish between types of dementia, some do not, and group all forms of dementia together. It’s not clear how important this distinction is, since the disorders share the same foundational pathologies, so light therapy is likely to have a similar impact regardless of the categorization of dementia. However, it’s still worth looking at some of this evidence. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which often progress to dementia, is also included here. A 2021 comprehensive review of dementia of all types assessed 10 studies of dementia patients treated with light therapy (either RL or NIRL). While not all studies were considered high quality, every one of them reported positive results. Included here was a study of a patient with mild dementia, as well as one of MCI. This analysis suggests that light therapy can benefit dementia starting from very early stages.  Another mechanism of how light therapy affects the brain of patients with dementia was revealed in a 2021 trial. In this study, cerebral blood flow was analyzed along with cognition. In addition to improvements in cognitive function, patients also had more blood flow in several areas of the brain. The authors suggest this may be due to changes in levels of nitric oxide.       Cognition In addition to improving brain health in people suffering from impaired cognitive function (such as AD, non-Alzheimer’s dementia, and MCI), light therapy has also been found to improve cognition in healthy people. This is quite remarkable, as it shows that the benefits of light therapy are quite universal.     Researchers have shown in a series of controlled clinical studies that light therapy using NIRL improves cognition in young and middle-aged healthy adults when applied to the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Cognitive improvements were accompanied by changes in brain function using tools such as EEG, fMRI, and brain blood flow.  In 2019, a meta-analysis of all the research looking at the effects of light therapy (including either NIRL or NIRL/RL combined) on cognition in healthy subjects was published. Seven studies included subjects aged 17 to 35 while two studies included subjects aged 49 and older. Despite some issues with study quality, the overall effect on cognition was found to be positive, leading the authors to conclude that light therapy is a “cognitive-enhancing intervention in healthy individuals”.       Parkinson's Disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative brain disease that involves damage to dopamine producing neurons in the brain. PD involves motor symptoms (such as balance and gait problems) and non-motor symptoms (such as depression, sleep disorders, and cognitive impairment). PD affects around one million people in the US, and over 10 million people globally.      Studies using light therapy to treat PD patients have shown that it is helpful. For example, one study of patients who used at-home NIRL therapy devices showed improvements in balance, fine motor skills, cognition, and mobility after 12 weeks of treatment. Patients applied the light to the head, neck, and abdomen. Research suggests that in PD, light therapy should be used 2-3 times per week for at least four weeks.  Animal models of PD have been used to try to determine precisely how light therapy is working. A 2020 analysis of 28 animal studies concluded that light therapy, including both RL and NIRL, is “an effective method to treat animal models of PD”. It is suggested that these benefits are due to effects on mitochondria, oxidative stress, and brain metabolism, which may be “helping the brain to repair itself”. The effects of light therapy on mitochondria may be especially important in PD, which involves significant mitochondrial dysfunction.        Stroke Stroke (Ischemic) – Ischemic stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease in which the blood flow to the brain is disrupted. Annually, close to 800 000 people have strokes in the US, with an economic cost of close to 57 billion dollars. Although some people recover fully from a stroke, it can cause permanent disability and death. The risk of stroke increases with age, but it can occur across all age groups.        Light therapy has shown small, but promising, effects in studies with stroke patients. Using NIRL laser light technology, it was found that treatment improved outcomes when used within 24 hours after a stroke. A larger follow up study showed smaller effects, but there was still a positive trend towards better outcomes.  Studies of animal models have shown many benefits when light therapy is used shortly after a stroke occurs. These include increasing the production of new neurons (neurogenesis), decreased inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function. The effects of light on mitochondria is very important in improving stroke outcomes, since mitochondria are responsible for protecting and maintain neurons. Light therapy may work synergistically with other non-invasive treatments for stroke, such as Coenzyme Q10.        Depression Depression – Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder, affecting at least 21 million people in the US in 2021. Depression disproportionately affects young people, with considerably higher rates in people aged 18-25. While depression is associated with psychosocial factors such as trauma, there is also often an underlying brain pathology. In particular, depression has been associated with impaired functioning of brain mitochondria, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Impaired mitochondrial functioning in depression is not just limited to the brain, but rather is found throughout the body and corresponds with symptom severity.   Given these associations, it is not surprising that light therapy can be used to treat depression. Several clinical trials of light therapy in depression have been conducted, all of which used NIRL applied directly to the head. A 2022 systematic review concluded that NIRL therapy “can be classified as strongly recommended for moderate grade of major depressive disorder”. Similarly, a 2023 meta-analysis concluded that there is a “promising role of in the treatment of depressive symptoms”. Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease that involves the brain and spinal cord. The prevalence of MS has recently been found to be higher than originally thought, affecting nearly 1 million people in the US. The symptoms of MS vary between affected individuals, and include fatigue, gait problems, numbness/tingling, weakness, spasticity, and vision problems. Interestingly, MS prevalence shows a north south gradient, in which people at northern latitudes have more disease. Low sun exposure is a known risk factor for MS, while greater exposure is associated with decreased disease severity. MS involves considerable neuroinflammation, as well as increased oxidative stress.     Since most research related to sun exposure and MS has focused on vitamin D – which is produced from UV light, rather than RL or NIRL – there are only a few studies looking at how RL and NIRL therapy (which does not stimulate vitamin D production) affects MS. However, the research that has been done has been very positive. Notably, only one study (using a mouse model of MS) applied light therapy to the brain, with mice showing improved motor function and decreased brain pathology following treatment. Other animal studies have applied light to the spinal cord, which was also the target of a study with human MS patients. A second study of human MS patients applied light to the inside of the mouth and the radial artery on the wrist. Since MS affects both the brain and the peripheral nervous system, it appears that light therapy can target the multiple areas and still be beneficial.     Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in childhood. ASD is characterized by difficulties with social interactions, abnormal language, and restricted/repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. ASD is a term that includes a range of disorders, including both genetic and non-genetic conditions. Some people with ASD are high functioning, while others suffer from serious disability. ASD is highly prevalent, affecting 1 in 36 children in 2020.     Two studies have investigated whether light therapy can be used to improve symptoms of autism. In the first, adults with high functioning ASD received transcranial PBM for 8 weeks. Treatment caused a significant improvement in social responsiveness scores, social awareness, social communication, social motivation, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. In the second, Transcranial PBM with a RL & NIRL laser was used for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic spectrum disorder in children and adolescents aged 5-17 years. Light therapy significantly reduced irritability scores compared to the placebo group, as well as lethargy and social withdrawal, stereotypic behaviour, hyperactivity and non-compliance, and inappropriate speech. Benefits were maintained at both 6 and 12 month follow up. The long-lasting benefits seen in this study are striking, and suggest that brain structure and/or function has improved as a result of treatment with RL and NIRL.       Epilepsy Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes seizures, which are discharges of electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy affects 1.2% of the US population, or approximately 3.4 million people. Epilepsy is most commonly treated with drugs, but up to 1/3 of people do not improve with medication. Surgery is another treatment for epilepsy, but it carries some risk.      Although research on light therapy and epilepsy has so far been limited to animal models, the impact of light on seizures and brain health has been positive. A 2022 review article described that “ makes the neurons ‘healthier’ by restoring their function and making them more resistant to distress and disease”. Several animal studies using NIRL have observed positive outcomes, including reduced seizure activity and decreased mortality. This is consistent with research that shows a north south disease gradient with epilepsy, similar to that observed with MS.      Traumatic brain injury / concussion Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur when there is a violent blow to the head. Concussions are a common type of TBI. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, vison and speech problems, and difficulty with memory and concentration. Around 1.7 million people in the US experience a TBI annually, with adolescents aged 15 to 19 and older adults over 65 years being affected more commonly.     Research using light therapy (both RL and NIRL) for TBI has looked at both immediate and chronic effects in animal and human models. Animal studies have shown a reduction in the size of the brain lesion when light therapy was used immediately following trauma, which correlated with the severity of neurological symptoms. Similarly, a case study of a hockey player with a history of six documented concussions using at-home intracranial and intranasal NIRL found improved markers of health using brain imaging. Other human studies looking at behavioral outcomes have observed benefits such as improved sleep, improved cognition, and reduced anxiety and depression.        Chronic Traumatic Encephalitis Chronic traumatic encephalitis (CTE) is a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries. The injuries damage brain neurons and the condition worsens over time. CTE occurs most commonly in athletes that play contact sports, like football and boxing. CTE highlights the importance of healing traumatic brain injuries, as approximately 17% of people with repeated TBI progress to CTE.     As with TBI, light therapy has been found to benefit CTE. A study of four ex-football players with suspected CTE treated with RL and NIRL to the head found that three of the four players showed improvements in outcomes including depression, pain and sleep. More research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.   Using Light Therapy for Brain Health There are an increasing number of devices on the market that directly target brain health. Most apply light therapy to the head (often as a hat or helmet), some deliver light to the brain through the nose (intranasally), some target specific areas only (such as the forehead or back of head), and some even shine light on distant areas on the body (such as the abdomen). With so many options available, how can you know which device is best for you? Here are five issues to consider. Style Preference: Your personal level of comfort with a device is important. If it isn’t easy to use, and if it doesn’t feel good on your body, you probably won’t use it consistently. Imagine yourself wearing the device – would you be comfortable wearing a hard helmet, or would you prefer a soft hat? Do you want a device that is wireless, or can you commit to being close to an electrical outlet so that you can plug it in? Do you want the flexibility of being able to lie down while wearing the device? Are you comfortable with having multiple contact points on the body, or would you prefer the device be on only one part? Think about your personal preferences and choose accordingly. Laser vs LED: Light therapy is administered using either laser or LED lights. While early light therapy research was done using lasers, LED lights have become much more popular over the last decade. The research described in this article includes both types of light sources. In 2018, Dr. Michael Hamblin – the world’s leading light therapy expert – concluded that LED lights using comparable parameters to lasers performed “equally well”, which is very important because LED powered light therapy devices can be made at a fraction of the cost of laser devices. Consumers can rest assured that using at home LED powered devices for the treatment of brain disorders is supported by research evidence. For at home use, look for a device that uses LED lights as safe and affordable option. Light Color/Wavelength: As described in this article, both RL and NIRL have been used in studies of light therapy to treat brain disorders. Although NIRL has been used most often, some studies have also found benefit from RL. Light with wavelengths between 600 and 1300nm, in the red and near infrared light spectrums, have been found to penetrate maximally into the brain. So, look for products that provide both RL and NIRL in combination, or NIRL only. Light Intensity: Light intensity refers to the amount of light being delivered by a device. It is also referred to as irradiance. The required intensity when using light therapy to impact brain disorders is unclear. The assumption is often made that for light to influence the brain, it must receive light photons, which must pass through the hair, skin, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid. Studies have found that the deepest penetration comes from higher intensity light sources using NIRL. However, studies have also shown that there are benefits to light therapy that can’t be explained by the depth of light penetration into the brain. For example, cognition and blood flow in the brain have been found to improve when light therapy is applied to the front and back of the neck. Similarly, depressive symptoms improve when light therapy is applied to either the periphery of the body, as well as directly to the brain. Although this isn’t well understand, there are several possible explanations, including effects on superficial blood and lymphatic vessels in the head and neck area as well as connections between the brain and other areas of the body, such as the gut. These “indirect” benefits to the brain from applying light therapy to somewhere on the body are increasingly being recognized as being neuroprotective. The penetration issue has led many companies to develop high intensity devices to support brain health. While these devices have been found to helpful, devices that are lower intensity have been also. Devices across a range of intensities may provide benefit, and consumers aren’t limited to a specific intensity range. Education: While light therapy education will not change the specific functionality of a device, it does have the potential to profoundly impact how someone uses the technology. When a company provides evidence-based education that teaches consumers why, how, and when to use a product, devices can be used to better support healing. Look for products with accompanying education and instructions for use, whether in printed and/or digital formats. You can also look for companies that provide support by phone or email to current or prospective customers.   Conclusion Light therapy with red and near infrared light has shown great promise in supporting brain health. Benefits of treatment have been observed across a wide range of populations, ranging from young healthy adults to elderly people with dementia. Light therapy affects the foundational pathologies that underlie virtually all brain disorders, including oxidative stress, impaired metabolism, and neuroinflammation. This occurs, at least in part, through stimulation of brain mitochondria, which produce energy.  Research using light therapy to support brain health has applied a range of technical specifications, including style of device, light source, light wavelength, and light intensity. Benefits have been observed in most studies, which suggests that consumers have options when it comes to choosing the device that is right for them. Factors such as comfort, cost, and ease of use can be considered. Therapy with RL and NIRL can be used to safely support brain health across the lifespan, making light therapy devices a wise investment for all.     shop red light therapy head wrap   For more information about Fringe light products, go to: https://fringeheals.com/shop-all-products/

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February 7, 2024

Light Therapy for the Lymphatic System

What is the lymphatic system? Of all the systems of the body, the lymphatic system is probably the most underappreciated and misunderstood. Many people have never even heard of it, and of those who have, most don’t really know what it does. Even medical doctors report that their understanding of the lymphatic system is “suboptimal”, and that the teaching of this system and its associated diseases in medical school was insufficient. Anatomically, the lymphatic system can be thought of as a network of vessels and organs that carry a clear fluid called lymph. The system largely travels alongside the system of blood vessels in the body. The lymphatic system includes hundreds of lymph nodes, which can sometimes be felt superficially in regions like the neck, armpit and groin. The tonsils are considered lymph nodes, but due to their size are sometimes referred to as lymphoid organs. Other lymphoid organs include the bone marrow, spleen and thymus. Lymphoid organs produce cells called lymphocytes, which are immune cells. The lymphocytes are carried in the lymphatic fluid throughout the body.  The lymphatic fluid (or lymph) is mostly produced by liver and intestines. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph also carries fat, proteins, and pathogens. It can also carry cancer cells, making the lymphatic system a potential route for cancer metastasis. This is why it is standard practice to biopsy lymph nodes near a tumor to determine if the cancer has spread. Lymph flows in one direction, upwards towards the neck, which requires the vessels to have one-way valves that prevent backflow and a pumping system that involves both extrinsic and intrinsic forces. Extrinsic forces include skeletal muscle contractions, while intrinsic forces involve contractions of lymphatic muscle cells. When pumping is impaired, lymph fluid will accumulate (usually in the extremities) and cause swelling, also referred to as edema.   The lymph composition reflects the functions of the lymphatic system. These include: (1) carrying out many activities of the immune system (such defending against invading pathogens), (2) transporting and absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins, (3) maintaining fluid balance, and (4) removing cellular waste, which is recycled by the liver. These functions are essential to maintaining health, and impairment of lymphatic system function can cause a wide range of problems including (but not limited to) lymphedema (tissue swelling), autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The lymphatic system can ultimately be viewed as inseparable from the immune system, although it also has additional roles that make it distinct. It can also be thought of as a “subsystem” of the circulatory system, because it absorbs plasma that escapes from the blood and that contains important nutrients which are returned to the bloodstream through lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels dump directly into the circulatory system through the venous system. This happens in the neck, where the lymph dumps into vessels such as the subclavian vein. Between 8 and 12 litres of fluid per day is returned to the blood through the lymphatic system.  Although it was previously thought that the lymphatic system was not found in the brain, a network of brain lymphatic vessels was recently identified. These vessels are found in the meninges, which make up the outer three layers of the brain and spinal cord. Meningeal lymphatics drain cerebrospinal fluid (which surrounds the brain) into lymph nodes in the neck and help to clear waste out of the brain. It is also a “pipeline” for immune cells. The lymphatic system in the brain has been termed the “glymphatic system” and is especially active during sleep. This system has been linked to brain diseases such as dementia, including Alzheimer’s.  There are many ways to support lymphatic system health, such as with exercise and massage, which support the flow of lymph. Lymphatic system health is also supported by minimizing the intake of toxins through food, water, and the environment. Another supportive tool is red light therapy, which has recently been identified as an effective way to optimize the health of the lymphatic system and can be done at home using devices including panels and wraps. What is red light therapy? The term “red light therapy” usually describes the use of both red and near infrared light, although only the red light produced by the device is visible to the naked eye. Infrared light can still be perceived by the body as heat when it contacts skin. Red and near infrared light therapy is the application of artificially generated light in the red and near infrared spectral bands.  Red and near infrared light are naturally produced by the sun, which gives off solar radiation. The term radiation describes energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or particles. The spectrum of light in our environment consists of both light we can see (visible light) and light that our eyes can’t perceive (invisible light). This is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The visible light spectrum is quite narrow, consisting of wavelengths that range from 400 to 700nm and span from violet to red in color. Red light is part of this visible light spectrum, while near infrared light is not. While early research on light therapy used primarily lasers, more recent research has found that LED’s can also be used, which also have the advantage of applying light to a larger area of the body as well as an improved safety profile. The use of LED in red/near infrared light therapy devices has also greatly reduced the cost of treatment, making it something that can be done in the comfort of one’s own home.  What is the evidence that that red light therapy affects the lymphatic system? Before we dive into looking at some of the general mechanisms by which red light therapy affects the lymphatic system, let’s look at some of the research evidence that specifically demonstrates the utility of red light in treating disease via lymphatic system modulation. While this is a very new area of research, many compelling studies have shown red light therapy to be helpful in improving the function of this important system. Glymphatic System – The glymphatic system of the brain is a key player in diseases of the brain, including dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. The ability to clear waste from the brain is described as the glymphatic system’s “most central” function – which means that waste buildup will result when the system is impaired. Glymphatic system function declines with age and because of disease and trauma, such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. It is critical to brain health to support glymphatic function.  Red light therapy was recently described as “a non-invasive neuroprotective strategy for maintaining and optimizing effective brain waste clearance” via the glymphatic system. As evidence, near infrared light has been shown to activate the glymphatic system in the brains of diabetic mice. Similarly, in animal models of Alzheimer’s Disease, application of both red and near infrared light increases glymphatic system activity and results in clearance of amyloid, which is a toxic protein. Red light therapy has been shown to be improve symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in humans, and although these studies have not specifically looked at glymphatic function, it is likely that it is affected.  Red light therapy has also been shown to improve glymphatic system function in brain injuries. In rats with experimentally induced intraventricular hemorrhage (which mimics stroke), application of near infrared light increases lymphatic drainage and speeds the rate of recovery. And in ex-football players suffering from chronic traumatic encephalitis, application of near infrared light caused lymphatic vessels in the brain to dilate, which would be expected to increase flow and clearance of waste from the brain. Since this system is particularly active during sleep, using red light therapy during sleep or in the evenings might be most helpful.  Lyphedema – Lymphedema is swelling that occurs because of lymph buildup. This usually happens in the legs or arms, but it can occur in other areas as well. Primary lymphedema is a result of a problem present from birth, while secondary lymphedema is acquired, usually from an infection, cancer, or as a consequence of cancer treatment. The underlying cause of lymphedema is disruption of the lymphatic system, which prevents the proper flow and drainage of lymph. Lymphedema is usually chronic and progressive, and symptoms can greatly affect quality of life. Most research on red light therapy and lymphedema has focused on breast cancer patients. Breast cancer treatment often involves removal of lymph nodes from around the breast, and/or radiation, which can disrupt the flow of lymph out of the arm. In a review of nine studies using red light therapy to treat breast cancer related lymphedema, overall, both a reduction in size of the affected arm and pain was achieved. Eight studies used near infrared light while one used red light, and all but one study specified directing the light therapy to the armpit region. Three studies also targeted other areas on the arm. The observed reduction in arm size was expected to be clinically meaningful. Red light therapy may also reduce lymphedema of the head and neck. Lymphedema in this area is usually caused by radiation in patients with head and neck cancers. Lymphedema here can be very problematic, causing problems with eating and swallowing. Red light therapy may help to reduce edema in the area, as well as to improve the condition of the skin.  Inflammation – Inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases currently ravaging modern society, such as arthritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s Disease, and depression. Inflammation is also associated with acute diseases involving the heart, pancreas, liver, and other organs, as well as trauma and infection. Treatment of inflammation associated diseases makes up the majority of health care spending in the US, costing billions of dollars annually. The lymphatic system plays a key role in regulating inflammation, and increased activity of the lymphatic system has been associated with reduced inflammation since it helps to remove excess fluid. Red light therapy’s ability to decrease inflammation has been well-established. As described by Dr. Michael Hamblin, former Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School, “one of the most reproducible effects of is an overall reduction of inflammation”. Studies have found that light therapy affects levels of many molecules involved in inflammation, including reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and prostaglandins. Light therapy has even been found to reduce inflammation in the brain, known as neuroinflammation.  Although the role of the lymphatic system in inflammation is well established, most studies using red light therapy to decrease inflammation have not specifically assessed its effect on the lymphatic system. However, when this relationship was investigated, it was found that application of near infrared light to lymph nodes caused a decrease in inflammation and related swelling.  How does red light therapy affect the lymphatic system? Clearly, red light therapy has many positive effects on the lymphatic system of the body and the glymphatic system of the brain. Research on precisely how red and near infrared light mediate these benefits is not extensive, but there are several general mechanisms that have been identified. Relaxing Lymphatic Vessels – Red light therapy can induce the relaxation of lymphatic vessels. This happens through a process called vasodilation.  When lymphatic vessels are more relaxed, the flow of lymph is increased. This has been observed experimentally to occur in the glymphatic system of the brain. In the brain, increased vasodilation may allow larger molecules (such as the amyloid protein) to pass into the lymph, improving the clearance of waste. Vasodilation may be due to increased production of nitric oxide, which could act on smooth muscle cells that are the “motor unit” of lymphatic drainage.  New Lymphatic Vessel Synthesis - Lymphangiogenesis is the process of formation of new lymphatic vessels. In a mouse model of lymphedema, application of red light therapy induced lymphangiogenesis, suggesting that in conditions where lymph flow is impaired due to lymphatic system damage, red light therapy may restore function by supporting the production of new lymphatic vessels.  Activating Mitochondria – Mitochondria are found in cells throughout the lymphatic system. Mitochondria are right in molecules called chromophores, which absorb light. Specifically, red and near infrared light stimulate cytochrome c oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme that produces ATP, the energy currency of the cell. This increases ATP synthesis which provides more energy to cells throughout the lymphatic system. Rd light therapy has been shown to modulate oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production, which might improve the function of lymphatic system cells.  Stimulating Lymphoid Organs – Lymphoid organs are affected by aging, which leads to impaired functioning of the immune system and increases susceptibility to illness. This primarily affects the thymus gland, which is found in the upper chest behind the sternum. Application of red light therapy to the thymus through the chest wall may support thymus health and decrease age associated changes and could perhaps support thymus function throughout the lifespan. Application of red light therapy to other areas, such as lymph nodes, may also support lymphatic system function through tissue stimulation. How do I choose a red light device to affect the lymphatic system? For at home use of red light therapy, the majority of products (especially the affordable ones) will use LED lights, rather than laser. While early light therapy research was done using lasers, LED lights have become much more popular over the last decade. In 2018, Dr. Michael Hamblin – the world’s leading light therapy expert – concluded that LED lights using comparable parameters to lasers performed “equally well”, which is very important because LED powered light therapy devices can be made at a fraction of the cost of laser devices. Laser powered devices are still a favorite in medical offices, which makes sense given their high cost and higher risk of adverse effects such as skin irritation. Red light products on the market vary quite a bit in terms of their intensity (or power) and the specific wavelengths of light that they deliver. Studies vary in both parameters, and it appears that a range of wavelengths and intensity are beneficial. For maximum versatility, it is recommended to choose a multiwavelength device that provides both red and near infrared light, since each has some unique cellular effects. In terms of intensity, it may be ideal to mimic the intensity of the sun, which is around 24 mW/cm2 at the skin. This is described as the “sweet spot” between higher intensities, which can have harmful effects, and lower intensities, which will have no effect at all. When using red light therapy to support the lymphatic system, choose a sun-mimicking product and don’t overdo it when it comes to treatment frequency and duration. Red light therapy devices come in several forms, many of which can be used to support the lymphatic system. Red light LED panels can be used to treat most body parts, including the face, chest and back. Panels provide broad coverage but do require you to stay stationary and seated during the treatment. Panels are a good choice for directing light at the lymphatics in the neck and upper chest, around the thymus gland. If you would prefer to lie down while doing a treatment, you would do better with a portable LED wrap rather than an LED panel. Portable devices are also the best choice if you would like to have the option of moving around during your treatment. Portable red light wraps can comfortably be used on most body parts except the head and neck. Red light wraps that are specifically designed for the head are the best option for targeting the glymphatic system in the brain, although this system can also be supported with an LED panel. Every person’s needs are unique, but there are many different device options to choose from.   Conclusion Red light therapy can be used at home to support the health of the lymphatic system. Research has demonstrated that it is a safe and effective treatment for a range of disorders, such as dementia, lymphedema, and inflammation. By improving the structure and function of lymphatic vessels, red light therapy increases the flow of lymph. This may be especially important in the brain, where waste buildup can cause serious illness such as Alzheimer’s disease. Choosing the right product is easy: Select a red light panel or wrap that delivers red and near infrared light, mimics the intensity of the sun, and fits into your lifestyle.  For more information about Fringe light products, go to: https://fringeheals.com/shop-all-products/

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January 1, 2024

Red Light Therapy for Stroke

Ischemic stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease in which the blood flow to the brain is disrupted. Annually, close to 800 000 people have strokes in the US, with an economic cost of close to 57 billion dollars. Although some people recover fully from a stroke, it can cause permanent disability and death. The risk of stroke increases with age, but it can occur across all age groups.  One little-known lifestyle factor that influences our cardiovascular system health is sunlight. In contrast to our ancestors, who spent approximately half the day exposed to sunlight, our modern lifestyles have us spending close to 90% of our lives indoors. This reduction in sun exposure is increasingly being recognized as a “real public health health problem”. Exposure to the primary wavelengths of light that are found in the sun – which are red and near infrared light – can be supplemented using red light therapy.  Red light therapy is the application of artificially generated light in the red and /or near infrared spectral bands. The term “red light therapy” usually describes the use of both red and near infrared light, although only the red light produced by the device is visible to the naked eye. Infrared light can still be perceived by the body as heat when it contacts skin. The red light used in light therapy usually ranges from 600 to 700 nanometres (nm), with the unit nm referring to distance the light wave travels in one cycle. The near infrared used in light therapy usually ranges from 800 to 1100nm. Red light therapy has shown small, but promising, effects in studies with stroke patients. Using near infrared laser light technology, it was found that treatment improved outcomes when used within 24 hours after a stroke. A larger follow up study showed smaller effects, but there was still a positive trend towards better outcomes.  Studies in animal models have shown many benefits when light therapy is used shortly after a stroke occurs. These include increasing the production of new neurons (neurogenesis), decreased inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function. The effects of light on mitochondria is very important in improving stroke outcomes, since mitochondria are responsible for protecting and maintain neurons. Light therapy may work synergistically with other non-invasive treatments for stroke, such as Coenzyme Q10.  When using red light therapy to support stroke recovery and the cardiovascular system of the brain, the Fringe red light therapy head wrap is the best option. With wavelengths of red (650nm), near infrared (810nm), and deep penetrating near infrared light (1050nm), it delivers light to the front, back, and sides of the head. Unlike most devices on the market, the Fringe red light therapy head wrap is wireless and flexible, making it both comfortable and portable.  For more information about Fringe light products, go to: https://fringeheals.com/shop-all-products/

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January 1, 2024

Red Light for Hypertension

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is blood pressure that is higher than normal. There are often no signs that someone has high blood pressure, which is dangerous since untreated hypertension can lead to heart attacks and strokes. It can also damage the eyes, kidneys, and brain. Blood pressure is related to the widening of blood vessels, called vasodilation. Vasodilation is widening or relaxation of the blood vessels, and increased vasodilation reduces blood pressure. Vasodilation also increases the flow of blood throughout the body, which delivers more nutrients and oxygen to cells. When red and near infrared light are absorbed by molecules in mitochondria, the process by which ATP production increases also has the effect of increasing levels of nitric oxide. Increasing vasodilation would have a wide range of cardiovascular benefits including decreasing blood pressure. Studies in animals have shown clearly that red light therapy can lower blood pressure. Application of a red light laser to the abdomen of hypertensive rats has been shown to decrease blood pressure, with the effect being mediated by the release of nitric oxide. In rats, red light therapy has also been found to prevent the increase in blood pressure that is associated with eating a high fat diet.  The strength of this research has led scientists to suggest that red light therapy could be used in humans to decrease blood pressure and reduce the risk of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, for which high blood pressure is a risk factor. Research is currently underway to see if red light applied by a bracelet to the arteries in the wrist can lower blood pressure. Since research showing that red light reduces blood pressure has been done in animal models, recommendations regarding how to use red light therapy to affect blood pressure are based on inference, rather than on direct research. It is most likely best to cover as much of the body as possible with light, with a focus on the upper chest and neck. The neck contains cells that are specifically designed to regulate blood pressure, called baroreceptors. We recommend using the Fringe red light panel to shine light on the upper chest and neck for 10-20 minutes per day, 3-7 times per week.  For more information about Fringe light products, go to: https://fringeheals.com/shop-all-products/

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January 1, 2024

How do I use red light at home to affect the cardiovascular system?

For at home use of red light therapy, the majority of products (especially the affordable ones) will use LED lights, rather than laser. While early light therapy research was done using lasers, LED lights have become much more popular over the last decade. In 2018, the world’s leading expert on light therapy concluded that LED lights using comparable parameters performed “equally well” to lasers. Also, researchers analyzing the scientific evidence on red light therapy and heart attacks in 2021 cited advantages to using LED’s, including safety and affordability. This suggests that LED powered red light therapy devices can likely be used to support cardiovascular health. Red light products on the market vary quite a bit in terms of their intensity (or power) and the specific wavelengths of light that they deliver. Studies vary in both parameters, and it appears that a range of wavelengths and intensity are beneficial. For maximum versatility, it is recommended to choose a multiwavelength device that provides both red and near infrared light, since each has some unique cellular effects. In terms of intensity, it may be ideal to mimic the intensity of the sun, which is around 24 mW/cm2 at the skin. This is described as the “sweet spot” between higher intensities, which can have harmful effects, and lower intensities, which will have no effect at all. Although not the focus of intensive research, it has been shown that at least for the heart muscle, high intensity treatments are not beneficial, which supports the use of devices that target this sun-mimicking light intensity.  There is some uncertainty regarding what body parts to target to support cardiovascular health. Animal studies have used several approaches, including inserting laser lights directly into blood vessels, shining laser light on the whole body, and targeting light to specific points on the abdomen. In humans, studies have applied light to areas away from the heart including the thighs, wrist, and head.  While this may seem confusing, it has become clear in recent years that it is not necessary to directly target a specific body part with red and near infrared light to see a benefit. These “indirect” benefits from applying light therapy to somewhere on the body are increasingly being recognized, including for brain and cardiovascular health. Our recommendations are to target the brain to support recovery from stroke and to broadly apply light to areas including the upper chest and thighs to deliver light to as much of the body as possible for general cardiovascular health. We have a lot of blood vessels at the surface of the skin, all of which will benefit from the application of red and near infrared light. Light can be applied using a red light panel or wrap, such as a head wrap for the brain or a long wrap to go around the body. The Fringe red light panel can be used daily to deliver red and near infrared light to several areas of the body, including the head and neck, chest, and legs. Red light panels are versatile in their light delivery but do require you to be stationary during treatment. Fringe red light wraps are cordless and powered by rechargeable batteries, so you can move around during treatment. For stroke recovery and to support the blood vessels in the head, the Fringe red light head wrap is the best choice. For application of red light to the upper chest or thighs, the long wrap is the most appropriate option. Fringe provides consumers with options when it comes to choosing the device that is right for them. For more information about Fringe light products, go to: https://fringeheals.com/shop-all-products/

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